Over 1.9 million people have been left out of the final National Register of Citizens or NRC - a list intended to identify legal residents and weed out illegal immigrants from Assam - that was published on Saturday (Aug 31).

31.1 million have been included in the crucial citizens' list which is the second citizens' list published in the country after 1951. Coming just weeks after the government ended Jammu and Kashmir's decades-old special status, the NRC too is expected to go down as one of the biggest moves in Narendra Modi's second term.

The list will also include those who have been on India's electoral rolls up to March 24, 1971, or in any other document approved by the BJP led Indian central government.

The work on the latest NRC list, a Supreme Court-monitored exercise, started in 2015. A draft citizenship list published last year excluded more than four million people.

Assam, with a population of 33 million people, is in a state of high alert and additional security forces have been deployed in anticipation of any law-and-order situation following the publication of the NRC list.

The BJP led state government says those who do not find their names on the final list will be given the opportunity to prove their citizenship first in quasi-judicial courts - known as Foreign Tribunals (FT) - and subsequently in higher courts.

Those excluded would not be considered foreigners until they exhaust all their legal options.

People will get 120 days to appeal, the government announced earlier this month. Up to 200 more FTs are expected to be set up on top of the existing 100.

But rights activists say courts will be overwhelmed since the appeal period is short.

"Imagine FTs adjudicating two to three million cases and they have been given just 120 days," Suhas Chakma, director of New Delhi-based Rights and Risks Analysis Group, told Al Jazeera.

FT courts have been criticised for ex-parte judgments, a process of declaring people foreigners without trial.

Fear of arrest and deportation

Human rights activists fear that the people who do not find their names on the list might face possible jail time or deportation, and their voting and other civil rights will be snatched away.

The government has already announced its plan to build 10 more detention centres. Nearly 1,000 people are currently lodged in six detention centres located in the existing district jails.

"If they do not win their cases in FTs, they [government] are going to put tens of thousands in detention centres. Do you want to create these kinds of concentration camps?" Chakma asked.

India has not raised the issue of deportation with Bangladesh and activists fear people might be held "indefinitely" in detention centres.

"Will they die in prisons for the simple offence of crossing the border?" asked Chakma. "It's a failure of the entire justice system."

'NRC will resolve the issue of migrants'

Experts believe that the NRC list will resolve the issue of undocumented immigrants in Assam.

"There was a broad consensus that this [NRC] is going to be a panacea to this long-standing problem," Sushanta Talukdar, a senior journalist based in Guwahati, told Al Jazeera.

Talukdar said the NRC will put a stop to the harassment of people in the name of identifying migrants and also address the fears of local people who believe they are being outnumbered by foreigners.

But he said the issues of inclusion of genuine citizens and exclusion of migrants will remain since determining the citizenship of an individual is a complicated exercise.

The NRC process has faced criticism for allowing third-party objections, which means people who figured in the 2018 draft list were again asked to furnish documents after objections from unknown persons.

People have also complained of harassment during the document submission and verification process.

Targeting Minorities?

Critics say Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has used the citizenship issue to target the minority-Muslim community, who form one-third of Assam state's population.

India's powerful Minister of Home Affairs Amit Shah, who wants to implement the NRC at the national level, once dubbed the migrants as termites, a remark later defended by a BJP leader on an Al Jazeera show.

But the BJP, which has accused the previous governments of failing to check migration, has denied that the party was targeting Muslims.

The state of Assam, which borders Muslim-majority Bangladesh, has historically witnessed migration first under the British colonial rule.

The enormous arrival of Bangladeshi refugees, both Hindus and Muslims, during the 1971 war for the liberation of Bangladesh sparked violent anti-migrant agitations called the Assam Movement. 

The movement ended after the protesters, led by the All Assam Students Union (AASU), signed a deal with India's central government in 1985, which was dubbed the Assam Accord.

The agreement set March 24, 1971, as the cut-off date for people to be considered for Indian citizenship.

It also called for the detection and deportation of undocumented immigrants. But that process faltered due to legal hurdles.

Since 2015, the NRC body had been tasked with identifying Assam's undocumented immigrants.

Concerns are being raised on the BJP's plans to grant citizenship to Hindu immigrants, who will be excluded from the NRC list.